Essay写作干货：MLA文献引用格式

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MLA文献引用格式
MLA is a style of documentation based on a general methodology that may be applied to many different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may often be found in several different sources, following a set of rigid rules no longer suffices.
Here is an overview of the process:
When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:

• Author.
  
• Title of source.
  
• Title of container,
  
• Other contributors,
  
• Version,
  
• Number,
  
• Publisher,
  
• Publication date,
  
• Location.
  

Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication and required different punctuation (such as journal editions in parentheses and colons after issue numbers). In the current version, punctuation is simpler (only commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.
Author

Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
Title of source

The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
A book should be in italics:
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
An individual webpage should be in quotation marks. The name of the parent website, which MLA treats as a "container," should follow in italics:
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, http://www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*
A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in quotation marks:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks:
Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, http://www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.
*The eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below.
Title of container

Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to "containers," which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.
Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.
The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.
Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, http://www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 Aug. 2009.
In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix,http://www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.
Other contributors

In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Version

If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.
Number

If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
Publisher

The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive,http://www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.
Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,2006.
Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.
Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, websites whose titles are the same name as their publisher, websites that make works available but do not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR).
Publication date

The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.
In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999.
Location

You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.
An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.
The location of an online work should include a URL. Remove any "http://" or "https://" tag from the beginning of the URL.
Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.
A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location.
Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Optional elements

The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s discretion.
Date of original publication:
If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
City of publication:
The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.
Date of access:
When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.
Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, http://alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.
URLs:
As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.
DOIs:
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.
Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition

The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the list of works cited. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and the page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses:
Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9).
or
According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9).
Work Cited
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).
Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide your reader with a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information.
MLA 格式是由美国现代语言协会（the Modern Language Association）提出的，多用在 英语语言与文学等人文学科的学术论文写作中，作为规范。它有三部分构成：文内引用 （parenthetical references in the body of the paper）、所引文献列表（a works-cited list）和内容注释（content notes)。
1. 文内引用 MLA 格式在正文中使用括号夹住、在文末是用所引文献列表的方式进行文献标注。
（1）典型的正文括号夹住要包括文献作者姓氏和文献页码，比如：
The colony appealed to many idealists in Europe (Kelley 132).
括号中的 Kelley 是文献作者的姓，132 是所引内容在原文献中的页码位置。

• 但如果在正文中已经提及了作者姓名，那么在括号中就将其省略，只保留页码， 如： Penn’s political motivation is discussed by Joseph J. Kelley in Pennsylvania, The Colonial years, 1681-1776 (44).
  
• 与上述概括（或释义）引用方式不同，如果直接引用原文语句需要注意以下两点： 引文和页码必须放在句末标点之前，即： As Ross, says, “Penn followed his conscience in all matters” (172). 如果引文是四行以上的散文或者三行以上的诗句，括号夹住要放在文末标点后空一格的位置上，即：According to Arthur Smith, Willian Penn envisioned a state based on his religious principles: Pennsylvania would be a commonwealth in which all individuals would follow God’s truth and develop according to God’s law. For Penn, this concept of government was self-evident. It would be a mistake to see Pennsylvania as anything but an expression of Penn’s religious beliefs. (314)
  
• 两至三名作者撰写的文献
  The historian’s main job is to search for clues and solve mysteries (Davidson and Lytle 6).
  With the advent of behaviourism, psychology began a new phase of inquiry (Cowen, Barbo, and Crum 31-34).
  
• 三名作者以上撰写的文献
  Helping each family reach its goals for healthy child development and overall family well-being was the primary approach of Project EAGLE (Bartle et al. 35). 也可以将所有作者的姓按照原文献中出现的顺序依次列在括号内。
  
• 带有多卷本的文献
  Gurney is incorrect when he says that a twelve-hour limit is negotiable (6: 128). 此时，需要将所引的卷本号标注好，用分号和空格与页码号分开。
  
• 无作者文献
  The group issued an apology a short time later (“Satire Lost” 22). 如果原文献无作者，那么就讲文献标题全部（如果标题较短）或者前三到五个单词 （如果标题较长）和页码列在括号里。
  
• 间接引用的文献
  According to Valli and Lucas, “the form of the symbol is an icon or picture of some aspect of the thing or activity being symbolized” (qtd. in Wilcox 120). 如果使用间接文献，那么需要在括号内间接文献作者前标注“qtd. in”字样。上例 表明，作者引用 Valli 和 Lucas 的这段原话并非出自二人的实际作品，而是在 Wilcox 的 文献第 120 页上找到的。
  
• 同时引用多份文献 ¾ The Brooklyn Bridge has been used as a subject by many American artists (McCullough 144; Tashjian 58). 如果需要在同一括号内夹住多份相似文献，那么每份之间要用分号加空格隔开。
  
• 引用文学作品 如果引用小说，最好在页码后面加上其他有用信息，如章节信息。
  In Moby-Dick, Melville refers to a whaling expedition funded by Louis XIV of France (151; ch. 24). 如果引用较长篇幅的诗歌，在括号中不要标注页码，应标注“节”号和“行”号， 中间用句号分隔： In the Aeneid, Virgil describes the ships as cleaving the “green woods reflected in the calm water” (8.124). 上例的意思为，这段引文出自诗歌 Aeneid 第 8 节第 124 行。 如果引用的诗歌较短，需要在正文中说明诗人和诗歌名称，在括号夹住内使用诗歌 的“行”号： ¾ In “A Song in the Front Yard,” Brooks’s speaker says, “I’ve stayed in the front yard all my life / I want a peek at the back” (lines 1-2). 如果引用戏剧片段，需要在括号夹住内标出戏剧名称、幕次、场次和行号，中间均 用句号隔开。如果戏剧十分著名（如莎剧），则可以使用简短（缩写）的戏剧名称， 比如： (Mac. 2.2.14-16).
  
• 引用《圣经》片段
  The cynicism of the speaker is apparent when he says, “All things are wearisome; no man can speak of them all” (New English Bible, Eccles. 1.8). 需要注意的是在括号夹住内要标明圣经的版本（下划线）、书（如果过长可以使用截 断形式）、章号和行号（中间用句号隔开）。
  
• 引用整部文献
  Louis Lowry’s Gathering Blue is set in a technologically backward village. 如果引用的是整部文献，只需在正文中写出作者和文献名称，不需要括号夹住标注页码。
  
• 引用同姓不同名作者的文献
  Recent increases in crime have caused thousands of urban homeowners to install alarms (L. Cooper, 115). Some of these alarms use sophisticated sensors that were developed by the army (D. Cooper, 76). 为了区分同姓不同名的作者，需要将作者名字的首字母标注上。要注意，这时，需 要在姓名和页码之间加上逗号和空格。
  
• 引用集体作者（官方机构）撰写的文献需要将官方机构名称和页码标注在括号夹 住内，如：(American Automobile Association 34). 如果机构名称很长，可以将其嵌在正文中表示，如： According to the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioural Research, the issue relating to euthanasia are complicated (76).
  
• 所引文献列表
  

所引文献列表需要列在正文之后，它将文内被引的所有文献按照字母顺序排列。每条文 献内部以及之间都要使用双倍行距，每条文献从第二行起，要向右缩进五个空格。其中，要 将书籍标题中所有的实词首字母大写，但冠词、并列连词、介词和不定式符号 to（用在句首 位置除外）不用大写。书名用下划线表示。例如： Kilbourne, Jean. Can’t Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York: Simon, 1999. 本例需要注意的地方还有，作者姓名要求“姓”在前，“名”在后，中间用逗号和空格 分隔。书名后需要标注出版地（后用冒号空格）、出版社（后用逗号空格）和出版年份（后 用句号）。

• 由两名到三名作者撰写的文献
  Peters, Michael A., and Nicholas C. Burbules. Poststructuralism and Educational Research. Lanham: Rowman, 2004. 需要注意的是，要把第一作者的姓放在名字前面，其他作者仍然是名在前，姓在后， 中间用逗号和 and 连接。
  
• 由三个以上作者撰写的文献
  Badawi, El Said, et al. Modern Written Arabic. London: Routledge, 2004. 或者 ¾ Badawi, El Said, Daud A. Abdu, Mike Carfer, and Adrian Gully. Modern Written Arabic. London: Routledge, 2004.
  
• 由同一作者撰写的多份文献
  Ede, Lisa. Situating Composition: Composition Studies and the Politics of Location. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2004. ¾ ---. Work in Progress. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 从第二份文献开始，用三个小横线代表同一作者姓名（后跟句号）。文献中的“6th ed.” 表示“该书的第六版”。
  
• 由集体作者撰写的文献
  

American Automobile Association. Western Canada and Alaska. Heathrow: AAA, 2004. 将集体作者（或者机构名称）列在作者的位置上即可。 5) 编辑的文献 ¾ Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ed. Michael Patrick Hearn. New York: Norton, 2001. 或者Hearn, Michael Patrick, ed. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. By Mark Twain. New York: Norton, 2001. 编辑的文献有两种列法：如果强调原作者，就将作者列在第一位，编者列在著作后， 中间用“Ed.”（意为 edited by）连接。如果强调编者，就将编者列在第一位（后用逗号、 空格、ed.），原作者列在著作后，中间用“By”（意为 written by）连接。

• 再版的文献
  Wilson, Charles Banks. Search for the Native American Purebloods. 3rd ed. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. 再版的文献需要在标题名称后标注版次。
  
• 重新印刷的文献
  Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. 1905. New York: Scribner’s, 1975. 重新印刷的文献，需要在标题后列出首次印刷时间，最后列出重新印刷的时间。
  
• 丛书中的文献
  Davis, Bertram, H. Thomas Percy. Twayne’s English Authors Ser. 313. Boston: Twayne, 1981. 如果引用的是丛书中的一份文献，需要将丛书名称（如本例中的 Twayne’s English Authors）和丛书编号（如本例 Ser. 313）标注在文献之后。
  
• 多卷本中的文献
  Fisch, Max H, ed. Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition. Vol. 4. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2000. 如果只引用了同名多卷本中文献的一卷，需要标出卷号。如果多卷本文献每本标题 不同，则不需要写出卷号，只需标出相应卷的书名。比如： Mares, Milan. Fuzzy Cooperative Games: Cooperation with Vague Expectations. New York: Physica-Verlag, 2001.
  
• 书籍中的前言、序或跋作为文献
  Campbell, Richard. Preface. Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication. By Bettina Fabos. Boston: Bedford, 2005. vi-xi. 如果引用书籍中的前言、序或者跋作为文献，需要将这些作者列在最前面（后用句 号）、后跟前言（Foreword）、序（Preface）或跋（Afterword）；书籍作者放在书名之后， 并且在最后标注页码。
  
• 翻译的文献
  Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Trans. Gregory Rabassa. New York: Avon, 1991. 如果引用的作品是译文，一般说来，还是将原作者置于首位，作品后用“Trans.” （意为 translated by）引出译者。
  
• 圣经作为文献
  The New English Bible with the Apocrypha: Oxford Study Edition. New York: Oxford UP, 1976. 这时要把圣经及其版本整体都用下划线标出。
  
• 书籍标题中内嵌书籍名称的文献
  Fulton, Joe B. Mark Twain in the Margins: The Quarry Farm Marginalia and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2000. 如果所引文献标题中内嵌有其他作品标题，那个部分不需要下划线，如本例中的“A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 就是一例，不需要下划线。但如果内嵌书籍标 题通常用在引号之中，则保留引号，并且加下划线，比如： Hawkins, Hunt, and Brian W. Shaffer, eds. Approaches to Teaching Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” and “The Secrete Sharer.” New York: MLA, 2002.
  
• 编纂文集中的短篇故事、戏剧或者诗歌作为文献
  Chopin, Kate. “The Storm.” Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2007. 281-85. 此时需要注意，要把短篇故事的作者列在首位，然后是作品名称（通常放在引号之内），作品名称后要标注文集的编者，最后还要列出所引部分在文集中的页码。
  
• 撰写文集中的短片故事、戏剧或者诗歌作为文献
  Bukowski, Charles. “lovely hearts.” The Flash of Lightning behind the Mountain: New Poems. New York: Ecco, 2004. 115-16. 与上例不同的是，如果引用某一作者自创作品文集中的文献，则不需要写出编者。
  
• 从同一文集中引用多篇的多篇文献
  

Agar, Eileen. “Am I a Surrealist?” Caws 3-7.
Caw, Mary Ann, ed. Surrealist Painters and Poets: An Anthology. Cambridge: MIT P, 2001.
Crevel, Rene. “From Babylon.” Caws 175-77.
若从同一篇文集中选取了若干篇文献，则只需要将主要信息列出，方便索引即可； 文集名称按照作者（或编者）姓名只列一次即可。
（17） 工具书中的文章作为文献
Drabble, Margaret. “Expressionism.” The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 6th ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. 如果工具书中的文章有署名作者，则将其列在首位；如果没有署名作者，只需将文 章标题列出即可，如：
“Cubism.” The Encyclopaedia Americana. 2004 ed. 由于工具书中的词条多按照字母顺序排列，此时可以省略页码。
（18） 尚未公开发表的学位论文作为文献
Bon Tempo, Carl Joseph. “Americans at the Gate: The Politics of American Refugee ¾ Policy.” Diss. U of Virginia, 2004. 尚未发表的学位论文用引号表示，不用下划线。后面还要标注论文所在单位（如本 例：Diss. U of Virginia）

• 学术期刊的论文作为文献
  Siderits, Mark. “Perceiving Particulars: A Buddhist Defence.” Philosophy East and West 54 (2004): 367-83. 学术期刊中的文章放在引号里，之后是学术期刊名称（加下划线）、卷号、年份（放在括号内且后跟冒号）、页码。
  Harkin, Patricia. “The Reception of Reader-Response Theory.” College Composition and Communication 56.3 (2005): 410-25. 如果学术期刊在一卷之内的每期都从第一页重新编号，则需要在卷号后面加上期 号：方法是句号期号。
  
• 杂志上的文章作为文献
  Thomas, Evan. “John Paul Jones.” American History Aug. 2003: 22-25. 杂志上的文章列法与学术期刊类似，需要注意的是：月份用缩写、年份无括号。
  
• 报纸上的文章作为文献
  

Krantz, Matt. “Stock Success Not Exactly Unparalleled.” Wall Street Journal 11 June 2004: B1+. 与杂志上的文章类似，报纸上的文章列在文献列表中是需要注意：加上日期和版别。 上例中的 B1 表示文章出现在 B1 版上，后面的“+”表示，其它部分出现在别的版上（可 能是连续的版面，也可能是非连续版面）。

• 内容注释 为了不打断读者的注意力，MLA 允许将大段引文列在正文后的内容注释里。文内相应 位置填写上标数字，与注释相呼应即可。注释可以采用脚注也可以采用篇末注形式。如果采 用篇末注形式，需要注意的是，每条注释首行缩进五格空格，其他行顶格，双倍行距。比如， 在文内：
  

Many researchers emphasize the necessity of having dying patients share their experiences.¹The massacre during World War I is an event the survivors could not easily forget.
2 在文末注释中：¹Kubler-Ross 27; Stinnette 43; Poston 70; Cohn and Cohen 31-34; Burke 1:91-95.
²For a firsthand account of these events, see Bedoukian 178-81.